加拿大进出口外贸求助,能不能介绍好一点的学习土耳其语的网站?



加拿大外贸

小妹最近应业务需要,想学土耳其语,有没有好一点的网站?

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在线课程:
http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk
http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/
http://www.onlineturkish.com
http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/
http://www.turkishclass.com

在线字典:
http://www.ingilizceturkce.com
http://www.turkce-ingilizce.com
http://www.kadifeli.com/cgi-bin/compdict.pl
http://www.ingilizce.com/sozluk/yenisozluk.htm
http://www.langtolang.com

多语互译: 土耳其,英语,法语,意大利语,德语,西班牙语,丹麦语
http://www.hazar.com

广播:
http://www.trt.net.tr
http://www.olayfm.com.tr

报纸:
http://www.turkcegazeteler.com
http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/

土耳其语BLOG:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/m/bayzhou


土耳其语谚语:
http://www.practicalturkish.com/idioms-turkish-a.html

BOLJON的语言BLOG:
http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/1234297744




部分笔记











Türkçe


土耳其语的格(1)

1、主格,做主语用

2、宾格:直接在单词后面加词尾表示。人名或地名的名词用"´"隔开。
宾格的词尾有根据“大和谐”(即前元音、后元音和谐)有ı、i、u、ü4种。
以单个元音结尾的,在结尾元音和词尾间应
该加入一个y;词干以清辅音k、p、t结尾的,在加入词尾前应该分别变为ğ、b、d。

例:Bodo'yu uyandırıyorum.(我叫醒Bodo。)
Bodo以单个元音结尾,在和“o”和“u”之间加个y,又因为Bodo是人名,用“'”隔开。

Arabayı görüyorum.(我看见那辆汽车。)
araba(汽车),单个元音结尾,在结尾元音与词尾间加y

Evi alıyorum.(我买了那房子。)
ev(房子),不是人名,也不是单个元音结尾,也不是清辅音结尾,直接加上词尾。

Kitabı okuyorum.(我读书。)
kitap(书),以清辅音p结尾,在加上词尾之前变浊辅音b

Çakmağı gördün mü?(你看见那个打火机了吗?)
çakmak(打火机),清辅音k结尾,在加词尾前k变为ğ

3、第三格:
表示“到…”、“从…”、等意思
第三格词尾有a和e 2种。加在词尾遵循“小和谐”(即圆唇元音、非圆唇元音和谐)
以单个元音结尾的,在结尾元音和词尾间应该加入一个y;词干以清辅音k、p、t结尾的,在
加入词尾前应该分别变为ğ、b、d。

例:eve(向那房子) ev加上e
arabaya(向那汽车)araba加词尾a,中间插入y。
mutfağa(到厨房里)mutfak(厨房)变k为ğ,再加词尾a。
sana(向你/给你)sen(你,主格)变为san,再加词尾a。
bana(向我/给我)ben(我,主格)变为ban,再加词尾a。
size(向(给)你们/您)siz(你们,您)直接加词尾e。
估计biz(我们)变为“向/给我们”也是变为bize的。。。




1、语音
a [a:]

b 像bad的b的发音

c 像jungle的j的发音

ç 像chair的ch的发音

d [d]

e [ε:]

f [f]

g [g]

ğ 不发音,作为前面元音的长音符号;像德语gehen的h的作用

h [h]

ı 像father的er的发音

i [i:]

j [j]

k [k]

l [l]

m [m]

n [n]

o [o:]

ö 像德语的plötzlich中的ö的发音

p [p]

r [r]

s [s]

ş 像machine的ch的发音

t [t]

u [u:]

ü [y]

v [v]

y [j]

z [z]

q、w、x 为外来字母。。。

前元音为e、i、ö、ü;
后元音为a、ı、o、u。



ğ 不发音,在2元音间做前个元音的长音符号

宾格有些情况下不用加任何词尾,例如地名等之后。

ğ在词尾怎么办?
例如:kurtoğlu读[kurto:lu]
Musa Dağ读[musada:]









土耳其语的格(2)

1、第二格/第二格名词(经常表示“…的”的意思):
词尾根据“大和谐”规则分别有-ın、-in、-un、-ün4个。
以单个元音结尾的,在结尾元音和词尾间应该加入一个n。
第二格名词所修饰的名词词尾应该加上属格词尾。
例:Bu kimin arabası? (这是谁的汽车?)
kim(谁),加上词尾-in,变为kimin(谁的),同时在araba加上相应的属格词尾-sı

Bu Bodo’nun arabası.(这是Bodo的汽车。)
Bodo以元音结尾,在与词尾-un之间应加入个n;又因为是人名,所以用“'”隔开词尾。
araba同时加上属格词尾。

Bu Kerim’in evi.(这是Kerim的房子。)

Bu Kerim’in kıtabı.(这是Kerim的书。)
kıtap在加属格词尾ı同时把p变为b。

Bu senin evin mi?(这是你的房子吗?)
sen(你,主格)变senin(你的);ev都要加词尾-in。

关于被第二格名词修饰的名词属格词尾以后再说。。。(因为我还没搞懂。。。)

2、位置格(顾名思义,表示位置,用于回答“在哪里”):
位置格词尾根据“小和谐”规则分别有de、da(te、ta)2种。
词尾直接在单词后面加词尾表示。人名或地名的名词用"´"隔开。
词干以清辅音结尾的,加词尾te/ta。
词干以其他辅音或元音结尾的,加词尾de/da。

例:evde(在房子里)
以v结尾,加-de

masada(在桌子上)
以元音结尾,加-da

Istanbul’da(在伊斯坦布尔)
以l结尾,加-da;地名,用“'”隔开。

Ahmet’te(在Ahmet那里)
以清辅音t结尾,加-te;人名,用“'”隔开。

3、第六格/离格/夺格(表示“从…”)
位置格词尾根据“小和谐”规则分别有den、dan(ten、tan)2种。
词尾直接在单词后面加词尾表示。人名或地名的名词用"´"隔开。
词干以清辅音结尾的,加词尾ten/tan。
词干以其他辅音或元音结尾的,加词尾den/dan。
*如果是表示“…之后”,在加完词尾的词之后加多个单词sonra。(如:dersten sonra)

例:evden(从房子)

sokaktan(穿过街道)

Ahmet’ten(从Ahmet那)

dersten sonra(课后)

masadan(从桌子上)

Ondan(从他那)




人称代词(主格)

我 ben 我们 biz

你 sen 你们 siz

他 他们 onlar
她 o
它 您 siz





1、物主代词(也就是代词的第二格):

我的 benim

你的 senin

他的
她的 onun
她的

我们的 bizim

你们的 sizin

他们的 onlarin

2、被物主代词所修饰的词的词尾:

1)若以辅音结尾,分别加上-im,-in,-i,-imiz,-iniz,-leri(词尾里面的元音根据“大和谐”变化)

例:
我的房子 (benim) evim
你的房子 (senin) evin
他的房子 (onun) evi
我们的房子 (bizim) evimiz
你们的房子 (sizin) eviniz
他们的房子 (onlarin) evleri
*由上可见,表示“(我的、你的…)的房子”的时候都是由物主代词(我的、你的…)和ev(房子)加相应的词尾构成,词尾变化遵循“大和谐”规则;物主代词经常省略。

2)若以元音结尾,分别加上-m,-n,-si,-miz,-niz,-leri(词尾里面的元音根据“大和谐”变化)
例:

我的汽车 (Benim) arabam
你的汽车 (Senin) araban
他的汽车 (Onun) arabası
我们的汽车 (Bizim) arabamız
你们的汽车 (Sizin) arabanız
他们的汽车 (onlarin) arabaları
*由上可见,表示“(我的、你的…)的汽车”的时候都是由物主代词(我的、你的…)和araba(汽车)加相应的词尾构成,词尾变化遵循“大和谐”规则;物主代词经常省略。

3)看下这些表示“在某人的…处”(加词尾de/da)的例子:
我的房子 evim 在我的房子里 evimde
你的房子 evin 在你的房子里 evinde
他的房子 evi 在他的房子里 evinde
我们的房子 evimiz 在我们的房子里 evimizde
你们的房子 eviniz 在你们的房子里 evinizde
他们的房子 evleri 在他们的房子里 evlerinde
*注意“他的房子”和“他们的房子”是以元音结尾的,所以在-de前面加个n




名词的复数:
根据“小和谐”规则在加词尾-ler/-lar。
例:
单数 复数
汽车 araba arabalar
房子 ev evler
小孩 çocuk çocuklar




动词(现在时)的一般规则:
所以动词的不定式都是根据“小和谐”以mek或mak结尾。
例:
动词不定式konuşmak:词干是konuş,不定式词尾是-mak;
动词不定式dinlemek:词干是dinle,不定式词尾是-mek。

动词的现在时变位:
动词词干 + yor形式(根据“小和谐”变位) + 人称词尾(根据“小和谐”变位)

例:
来(不定式) gel-mek
我来 gel-iyor-um
你来 gel-iyor-sun
他/她/它来 gel-iyor
我们来 gel-iyor-uz
你们来 gel-iyor-sunuz
他们来 gel-iyor-lar




及物动词和不及物动词(或叫“他动词和自动词”)
及物动词:可加宾语;
不及物动词:不可加宾语。
区分及物动词和不及物动词是非常重要的。
例:
动词vurmak(打)是及物动词,可以加宾语;
所以我们可以说Onu vuruyorum.(我打他。)
onu为o(他)的宾格形式,动词不定式vurmak根据现在时第一人称单数变为vur-uyor-um。
但是gitmek(去)是不及物动词,不能加宾语;
所以我们不能说Onu gitiyorum.(我去他。)

*有些动词是既可以表示及物的也可以表示不及物的。。。
例:gezmek





土耳其语的语序:
1、句子成分:
主语
宾语(只有及物动词可以带宾语)
其他成分(可以是第三格补语、位置格补语等等)
谓语(可以是动词性的表动作的词也可以是名词性表状态的词)
*动词总是放在最后面。

2、强调的词往往放在谓语前一位置:
1)当强调宾语时,语序为:主 + 补 + 宾 + 谓
例:Ahmet lokantada Meral’ı bekliyor. 强调“Meral是Ahmet等的人”,故Meral放在谓语的前一位。
2)当强调补语时,语序为:主 + 宾 + 补 + 谓
例:Ahmet Meral’ı lokantada bekliyor. 强调“Ahmet等的地点”,所以lokantada放在谓语的前一位。
3)Bugün hava çok sıcak. 强调hava(天气),所以放在名词性谓语çok sıcak(很暖和)的前一位。
4)Hava bugün çok sıcak. 强调bugün(今天),所以放在名词性谓语çok sıcak的前一位。




人称词尾的变位:
我 你 他/她/它 我们 你们 他们
第一格(主格) ben sen o biz siz onlar
第二格 ben-im sen-in o-n-un biz-im siz-in onlar-in
第三格 ban-a san-a o-n-a biz-e siz-e onlar-a
第四格(宾格) ben-i sen-i o-n-u biz-i siz-i onlar-ı
第五格(位置格) ben-de sen-de o-n-da biz-de siz-de onlar-da
第六格(离格) ben-den sen-den o-n-dan biz-den siz-den onlar/dan

例:

我的 benim

向着你,对着你 sana

他(做宾语) onu

我们的 bizim

在你们那 sizde

从他们那 onlardan

在我这 bende




元音和谐:分为“大和谐”和“小和谐”。

1、大和谐:指前元音和谐(前元音后跟前元音),后元音和谐(后元音后跟后元音)的规则。

土耳其语中的前元音有:e、i、ö、ü;后元音有:a、ı、o、u。

“大和谐”的规则是:

1)前元音和谐:

e 对应 e/i 如:ekmek,ekin
i 对应 e/i 如:içecek,içki
ö 对应 e/ü 如:özel,öykü
ü 对应 e/ü 如:üçgen,ütü

2)后元音和谐:
a 对应 a/ı 如:alçak,açık
ı 对应 a/ı 如:ıslak,ışık
o 对应 a/u 如:ocak,okul
u 对应 a/u 如:uçak,uyku

*不符合“大和谐”规则的通常为外来词。也有些例外的土耳其语词。
土耳其语的复合词也不符合大和谐规则。

土耳其语词缀通常符合“大和谐”规则,例外的有:-yor,-ken,-ki,-leyin,-(i)mtırak

2、小和谐:指圆唇元音和谐(圆唇元音后跟窄的圆唇元音/宽的非圆唇元音),非圆唇元音和谐(非圆唇元音后跟非圆唇元音)的规则。

“小和谐”的规则是:

1)圆唇元音和谐:

o 对应 a/u 如:oynamak,okul
ö 对应 e/ü 如:öğretmen,öğüt
u 对应 a/u 如:uyanmak,uyku
ü 对应 e/ü 如:üretmek,ütü

2)非圆唇元音和谐:

a 对应 a/ı 如:anlam,açık
e 对应 e/i 如:elemek,eğitim
ı 对应 a/ı 如:ısmarlamak,ısınmak
i 对应 e/i 如:izlenmek,izin

*根据“小和谐”规则,o和ö这2个音只出现在第一个音节里。
但外来词例外,如:horoz,doktor,profesör,konsolos,mühim,ümit





辅音和谐:清辅音后跟清辅音,浊辅音后跟浊辅音

单词中的辅音和谐,如:eski,başka等;
词缀中的辅音和谐,如:Türk-çe,diş-ci,bil-gi等。

*土耳其语中元音对辅音的影响主要体现在以元音结尾的单词后加词缀时,一般跟浊辅音这点。
如:vurgu-su,dergi-dir,sevgi-m等。。。




Turkish Pronunciation Guide(土耳其语发音)


Most letters in Turkish have pronunciations familiar to English-speakers, but there are a few notable exceptions.

The three iron rules of Turkish pronunciation:

1. Every letter is pronounced

2. Each letter has only one sound

3. Two or more letters are never combined to make a new or different sound (ie, a dipthong). (See Rules 1 and 2, above.)

(Note: it's difficult to show the special Turkish letters (such as the soft-g and undotted 'i') reliably in web browsers so you won't see the special letters below. Use the pronunciation guides for correct pronunciation.)

Pronunciation Guide:

A, a short 'a' as in 'art' or 'star'

â faint 'yee' sound following preceding consonant, as in Kâhta (kee-YAHH-tah)

E, e 'eh' in 'send' or 'tell'

İ, i [dotted i] as 'ee' in 'see'

I, ı [undotted i] 'uh' or the vowel sound in 'fuss' and 'plus'

O, o same as in English 'phone'

Ö, ö same as in German, or like British 'ur', as in 'fur'

U, u 'oo', as in 'moo' or 'blue'

Ü, ü same as in German, or French 'u' in 'tu'

C, c pronounced like English `j' as in `jet' and Jimmy

Ç, ç [c-cedilla] 'ch' as in 'church' and 'chatter'

G, g always hard as in 'go', never soft as in 'gentle'

Ğ, ğ - a 'g' with a little curved line over it: not pronounced; lengthens preceding vowel slightly; you can safely ignore it—just don't pronounce it! (This is the only exception to Rule 1)

H, h never silent, always unvoiced, as in `half' and 'high'; remember: there are NO silent 'h's in Turkish!

J, j like French `j', English `zh', or the 'z' in 'azure'

S, s always unvoiced as the s's in 'stress', not 'zzz' as in 'tease'

Ş, ş - [s-cedilla] 'sh' as in 'show' and 'should'

V, v a soft 'v' sound, half-way to 'w'

W, w same as Turkish 'v'; found only in foreign words

X, x as in English; found only in foreign words; Turkish words use 'ks' instead

The Places Where You'll Mess Up
We English-speakers are so used to the weirdness of English--'silent' letters, 'understood' sounds, dipthongs such as 'ch' and 'sh,' and even 'silent dipthongs such as 'gh' (as in 'through')--that we make the mistake of looking for dipthongs in Turkish, where they don't exist.

For example, the name Mithat is pronounced meet-HOT, not like the English word `methought'. That 'th' in the middle is NOT a dipthong!

Likewise, the Turkish word meshut is pronounced mess-HOOT, not 'meh-SHOOT'.

Also odd is the Turkish 'c', which is pronounced just like English 'j'. Cem in Turkish is pronounced just like English gem (as in gemstone). Can in Turkish is pronounced just like English John.

The odd soft-g is not pronounced at all, though it lengthens the preceding vowel slightly. So tura is pronounced 'toora,' but tugra is 'tooora'. (Though tura and tugra sound almost the same, they are words for very different things: the first is a drumstick, the second is the sultan's monogram!)

Don't worry, though. You'll probably be fine if you simply ignore the soft-g. Act as though it weren't there. Whatever you do, DON'T pronounce it as though it were a 'real' 'g'.

Also note that 'h' is pronounced as an unvoiced aspiration (like the first sound in 'have' or 'heart', the sound a Cockney drops). You'll have to get used to pronouncing it whenever you see it, whether it's at the beginning of a word, in the middle, or at the end. Always pronounce an 'h'!

(In English, terminal 'h' (ie, an 'h' at the end of a word) is rarely pronounced; it's usually 'silent'. But in Turkish 'h' is ALWAYS pronounced. Your Turkish friend Ahmet's name is pronounced ahhh-MEHT not 'aa-meht'; the word rehber, 'guide', is not 're-ber' but 'rehh-BEHR'.




Basic Turkish Grammar


Turkish is a language of the Ural-Altaic family. It's quite logical, with few exceptional rules and no genders, but its agglutinative structure is so different from Indo-European languages that speakers of those languages may find its grammar a challenge to learn at first.

(Agglutinative means that words and sentences are made by adding suffixes to a root-word.)

Suffixes
A Turkish word starts with a short root (such as git-, 'go'). One or more suffixes are added to modify the root (gitti, 's/he went'). English uses only a few suffixes, such as -'s for possessive, -s or -es for plural, but Turkish has dozens of suffixes.You can make whole sentences in Turkish out of one little word root and a lot of suffixes.

Vowel Harmony
Suffixes are formed according to Turkish vowel harmony, rules whereby most vowel sounds in a word are made either in the front of the mouth or the back, but not both. Details.

Buffer Letters
Suffixes are sometimes preceded by a 'buffer letter' such as 'y' or 'n' for smooth pronunciation.

Stress is usually on the last syllable of a word.

NOUN SUFFIXES

Plural: -lar, -ler
Bankalar, banks
Oteller, hotels

To, Toward: -a, -e (or -ya, -ye)
Bankaya, to the bank
Otele, to the hotel

From: -dan, -den
Bankadan, from the bank
Otelden, from the hotel

Possessive: -ın, -in, -nın, or -nin
Bankanın, the bank's
Otelin, the hotel's

With: -lı, -li, -lu, -lü
Et, meat; etli, with meat
Süt, milk; sütlü, with milk

Without: -sız,-siz,-suz, -süz
Et, meat; etsiz, without meat, meatless
Süt, milk; sütsüz, without milk

You may see -ı, -i, -u or -ü, -sı, -si, -su or -sü added to any noun. An ev is a house; but the ev that Mehmet lives in is Mehmet'in evi.



VERB SUFFIXES

Infinitive: -mak, -mek
Almak, to take or buy
Gitmek, to go

Simple present: -ar, -er, -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür
Alır, he/she/it takes or buys
Gider, he/she/it goes

Future: -acak, -ecek, -acağ-, -eceğ-
Alacak, he/she/it will take, buy
Gidecek, he/she/it will go

Simple past: -dı, -di, -du, -dü
Aldı, he/she/it took, bought
Gitti, he/she/it went

Continuous: -ıyor-, -iyor- (like English '-ing')
Alıyor, he/she/it is taking, buying
Gidiyor, he/she/it is going

Question: -mı, -mi, -mu, -mü
Alıyor mu? Is he/she/it taking (it)?
Gidecek mi? Will he/she/it go?

First Person Singular (I):-ım, -im, -um, -üm
Alırım, I take

Second Person Singular (you-informal): -sın, -sin, -sun, -sün
Alırsın, You take

Third Person Singular (he/she/it): (no suffix)
Alır, he/she/it takes

First Person Plural (we): -ız, -iz, -uz,-üz
Alırız, we take

Second Person Plural (you-formal): -sınız, -siniz, -sunuz,-sünüz
Alırsınız, You (plural) take; or You (singular-formal) take

Third Person Plural (they): -lar, -ler
Alırlar, They take.



WORD ORDER
Nouns and adjectives usually come first, followed by the verb. The subject of the sentence is often the final suffix (unless the sentence is a question):

İstanbul'a gidecegim, I'm going to Istanbul.

Halı almak istiyorum, I want to buy (take) a carpet (literally 'Carpet to buy want I')



THE FUN BEGINS
Now you can slap a lot of suffixes together and get Afyonkarahisarlılastıramadıklarımızdan mısınız? It's actually a word, and also a complete sentence! But, it must be admitted, it was made up just to show off the agglutinative facility of Turkish.

What does it mean? "Are you from among that group of people whom we attempted to make to resemble the citizens of Afyonkarahisar, but were unable to do so?"

Yeah, right.

评论
太好了,我正在找这些东东,不胜感激。不客气,收藏啦。希望下次能看到更多有关土耳其语的知识。谢谢AUYANG-YIN

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谢谢2楼的,真的非常感谢,我做个东道请你吃饭啊.呵呵,不过你要在常州的.呵呵......

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我要吃:银丝面 ,大麻糕,蟹壳黄,酒酿元宵,三鲜馄饨 ,义隆素火腿 ,加蟹小笼包 等~~


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Thank you so much!

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谢谢了.收下了.,,,,,

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谢谢!我正找呢!

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看了2楼的介绍感觉土耳其人说话从来不带主语似的...

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我也正在找,运气还不错哦,TESEKKUR EDERIM

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大家说说有没有学土耳其语的绝招,现在培训机构都不培训土耳其语,学的人太少了,因为工作需要很想学,大家有什么好的建议

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teskkur ederim! senin adin ne? benin adin Linda.

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Ben de iyiyim. Teşekkür ederim

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我想这位哥们 也是学习了许久的 辛苦了 整理这么认真

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在伊朗,钢卷、钢带、钢管怎么称呼啊?
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