加拿大华人论坛 加拿大百科英语中的委婉语
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英文euphemism(委婉语)一词系源自希腊语。词头"eu-"的意思是"good"(好),词干"phemism"的意思是"speech"(言语),整个字面意义是"word of good omen"(吉言)或(好的说法)。一般认为,凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词,均在委婉语之列。 英语委婉语一般可分成两大类:传统委婉语(traditional euphemisms)和文体委婉语stylistic euphemisms。所谓传统委婉语亦称是与禁忌语密切相关的。象生、病、死、葬、性、裸、拉、撒等禁忌事物,如果直接表达,那就是禁忌语,给人的感觉是粗鄙,生硬,刺耳,无礼。反之,如果间接表达,这就是委婉语,给人的印象是典雅,含蓄,中听,有礼。所谓文体委婉语,亦称实际上是恭维话、溢美之词,与禁忌语并无关系。英、美人(尤其是当代美国人)在交际过程中,为了表示礼貌,为了避免刺激,或是为了争取合作,有时会采用夸饰的手法,对一些令人不快的事物以美言相称。 英语委婉语的构成方法各种各样,丰富多彩。一般可分为下面几种类型:构词手段,拼写手段,词汇手段,语法手段和修辞手段等。(1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+“床下放”,即夜壶)。(2)反成法(backformation): 反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词。由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果。如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去“词尾”而成,用以替代。(3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰。如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症)(4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰。如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)(5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳。如:god, gosh(god 上帝)(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之。如:sis, (piss 小便)(7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳。如:elly-bay(belly肚子)(8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉。如:dee(damn,该死)(9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d--(damn该死的)son of a -- (son of a bitch,狗娘养的)(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头)(11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物。如:lingerie(内衣 underwear)(12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件)(13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语。小孩子讲话天真无 邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默。如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)(14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些。如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)(15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物。如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)(16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面。如:chest(胸部,即 breast乳房)(17)低调说法(understatement):如 一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)(18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来。其结果是短词长写,“短话长说”。如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)(19)首字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):首字母曲解法是有意对首字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,而且还带有幽默色彩。如:hot and cold (heroin and cocaine,海洛因可卡因合剂) 以上这些方法,大体上都贯穿了两个原则:一是若即若离的原则,一是美好中听的原则。一般说来,委婉语有三个方面的作用。一是避免刺激,给人以安慰;二是消除粗俗,给人以文雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给人以新颖。善于委婉,这是心灵美、修养高的表现。
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 flyingtian成事在人 谋事在天 0$(VIP 0) 2,3522006-08-03#2 在英语中,象生、死、如厕等话题直说很不文雅,这时我们可以用委婉的说法,下面是笔者收集的一些有关这些话题的说法。1)Being in Love (恋爱)assignation (本义)指定to be gone on (本义)一去不返to be shock up (本义)被震撼的to be taken (本义)被吸引住H2 (本义)hot and heavyto have a crush on (本义)捣碎meeting (本义)会面to set one's cap for (本义)指向某人to set one's sights at (本义)目光落在身上to take a fancy to (本义)喜欢上to walk out 出去溜达to cut one's eye at (本义)瞥一眼the glad eye (本义)高兴的眼光to look sweet on (本义)to make eyes at (本义)对某人使眼色wandering eye (本义)游荡的眼光
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 flyingtian成事在人 谋事在天 0$(VIP 0) 2,3522006-08-03#3 2) Pregnancy (怀孕)a hole out in one(本义)一击入洞(高尔夫术语)an accident(本义)事故anticipating(本义)期待的awkward(本义)行动不便to be caught(本义)被捉住to be gone(本义)已过去了to beget(本义)产生break one's ankle(本义)脚骨折了clucky(本义)抱窝的eating for two(本义)吃双份饭expecting(本义)期待的an expectant mother(本义)期待的母亲to fall(本义)倒下了far gone(本义)去日苦多fragrant(本义)香喷喷的full of heir(本义)怀有继承人to have a hump in the front(本义)前身有块隆肉to have one watermelon on the vine(本义)藤上有瓜了to have one on the way (本义)有人要来in a bad shape(本义)身体不佳in a certain condition(本义)身处某种状态in a delicate condition(本义)身体虚弱in a (the) family way(本义)家常打扮in a familiar way(本义)熟悉地in a particular condition(本义)处于特殊状态in an interesting condition(situation, state)(本义)处于有趣状态in trouble(本义)惹上麻烦infanticipating(本义)期望得子irregularity(本义)不规则现象knitting(本义)绒衣to knock up(本义)敲门叫人lady-in-waiting(本义)有所期待的女子to learn all about diaper folding(本义)学叠尿布a mother-to-be(本义)未来的母亲on the nest(本义)在抱窝P.G.(Pregnant)怀孕的preparing the bassinet(本义)准备摇篮rattle shopping(本义)采购玩具rehearing lullabies(本义)练唱催眠曲to spoil a woman's shape(本义)坏了女子体型to sprain an ankle(本义)扭伤脚踝to swallow a watermelon seed(本义)吞了棵西瓜子that way(本义)那样waiting for the patter of little feet(本义)等呆小脚牙声to wear the apron high(本义)围裙系高a waiting woman(本义)等呆中的妇女with a baby window(本义)有个凸窗肚with child(本义)怀孩子了
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 flyingtian成事在人 谋事在天 0$(VIP 0) 2,3522006-08-03#4 3)Defcation (如厕)to be caught short (本义)给了个冷不妨the call of nature (本义)自然的需要Can I add some powder? (本义)我可以茶点粉吗?to cash(write) a check (本义)兑(开)张支票to do a job for oneself (本义)做点私事do one's business (本义)干自己的活to do one's duty (本义)尽职to ease oneself (本义)自我轻松一下to eliminate (本义)逐出evacuation (本义)排空to excrete (本义)排泄to find a haven of rest (本义)寻找安息所to fix one's face (本义)化装to freshen up (本义)梳洗打扮to get some fresh air (本义)去呼吸一点新鲜空气to give oneself ease (本义)使自己舒服一下to go (本义)to go into retreat (本义)去僻静to go somewhere (本义)出去一下to go to Egypt (本义)到埃及去to go to one's private office (本义)到私人办公室去to go to bathroom (本义)到洗澡间May I adjourn? (本义)我可以变换一下地方吗?May I please be excused? (本义)失陪了natural necessity (本义)自然的需要nature stop (本义)自然需要停车to pluck a rose (本义)摘朵玫瑰powder one's nose (本义)搽点粉to relieve oneself (本义)轻松一下to wash one's hands (本义)洗洗手
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 flyingtian成事在人 谋事在天 0$(VIP 0) 2,3522006-08-03#5 4)Death(死亡)to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义)安睡在上帝的怀中to be at peace (本义)平静了to be at rest (本义)在休息to be called to God (本义)被召唤到上帝那to be called home (本义)被召回家to be home and free (本义)到家自由了to be taken to paradise (本义)被送进天堂The call of God (本义)上帝的召唤to depart (本义)离去The final departure (本义)最后离去final sleep (本义)最后一觉to go home (本义)回家to go to heaven (本义)进天堂to go to one's long home (本义)回到永久之家to go to one's own place (本义)回老家happy land (本义)乐土to have fallen asleep (本义)入睡了to have found rest (本义)得到安息to have gone to a better place(land,world,life)到一个更好得地方去了in heaven (本义)在天堂to join one's ancestors (本义)加入先人的行列join the Great majority (本义)加入大多数to leave this world (本义)离开今世to pay one's fee (本义)付费to rest (本义)休息to rest in peace (本义)安息to return to dust (本义)归之尘土 to sleep (本义)长眠with God (本义)和上帝在一起with their Father (本义)与圣父在一起to fall (本义)倒下了to do one's bit (本义)尽职了to lay down one's life (本义)放下自己的生命to be no longer with us (本义)不再与我们在一起了to be out of pain (本义)摆脱痛苦to breathe one's last (本义)呼了最后一口气to cancel one's account (本义)销帐pay one's last debt (本义)付最后一笔债to fade away (本义)消失 to make one's exit (本义)退场to kick off (本义)开球to be free (本义)解脱了to be gone (本义)去了to be no more (本义)不复存在to close one's eyes (本义)瞑目to come to an end (本义)结束to go beyond (本义)到远方去to expire (本义)呼气to go off (本义)离去to go one's last (本义)走到自己的终点to go one's place (本义)回老家to go to one's resting place (本义)到休息地去to go to west (本义)西去to kick the bucket (本义)踢翻水桶to lose one's life (本义)失去了生命to pass away (本义)离去to stop living (本义)停止生存to take one's rest (本义)休息to shut up the shop (本义)关门
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 S sherryzhang 0$(VIP 0) 662006-08-03#6 谢谢,辛苦了
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Thanks for your support!
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Nothing is impossible!!! 超赞 赏 annieyu 0$(VIP 0) 4,1472006-08-09#8 I like this part for if we can use these properly ,at least it reflects we know something about their culture and custom.So if there is something new please keep going.
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