加拿大华人论坛 加拿大百科造句比赛：HOMEOSTASIS

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看谁造的好，例子 Systems theory suggests that a change in one part of a system will require other parts of the system to adjust in order to maintain homeostasis, a state of equilibrium.

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不是马甲的马甲 超赞 赏 melanie.zhang水版老大兼抗洪总 0$(VIP 0) 6,5882007-02-28#2 your family and you maintain a homeostasis.

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永远做个中国人， 中国！ 灌水特区your family and your maintain a homeostasis.点击展开... 没有找到谓语，可是俺还不会造更好的

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喂，请问是中国移动吗？我是中国联通，我的小灵通坏了，你们能派中国铁通来修一下吗？ 超赞 赏 舞戈豁然开朗 0$(VIP 0) 1,6962007-02-28#4 有没有比赛中文造句的？外语我看不懂

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Systems theory suggests that a change in one part of a system (should) require other parts of the system to adjust in order to maintain homeostasis, a state of equilibrium.看谁造的好，例子 Systems theory suggests that a change in one part of a system will require other parts of the system to adjust in order to maintain homeostasis, a state of equilibrium.点击展开... ​

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老大，SUGGEST 后面是可以跟将来时态的，是中国的教育不地道啊

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不是马甲的马甲 超赞 赏 vivienne98. 0$(VIP 0) 7062007-03-02#7 而且，英国英语讲究比较多，北美英语比较自由

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不是马甲的马甲老大，SUGGEST 后面是可以跟将来时态的，是中国的教育不地道啊点击展开... 也许你讲的对NASA photographs have revealed bright new deposits seen in two gullies on Mars that suggest water carried sediment through them sometime during the past seven years.

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SYSTEMS THEORYby Namsoo Hong, Wallid Al-Khatib, Bill Magagna, Andrea McLoughlin, and Brenda CoeThe open system perspective emerged as a part of the intellectual ferment following World War II, although its roots are much older. This general intellectual movement created new areas of study, such as cybernetics and information theory; stimulated new applications, such as systems engineering and operations research; transformed existing disciplines, including the study of organizations; and proposed closer linkages among scientific disciplines. The latter interest has been fostered especially by general system theory. Its founder, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, was concerned about the growing compartmentalization of science: "The physicist the biologist, the psychologist and the social scientist are, so to speak, encapsulated in a private universe, and it is difficult to get word from one cocoon to another." Bertalanffy argued that certain general ideas could have relevance across a broad spectrum of disciplines. In particular, they endeavored to show that many of the most important entities studied by scientists - nuclear particles, atoms, molecules, cells, organs, organisms, ecological communities, groups, organizations, societies, solar systems - are all subsumable under the general rubric of system. (Organizations: rational, natural, and open systems. Third edition. W. Richard Scott)DEFINITION OF SYSTEM THEORY: System theory is basically concerned with problems of relationships, of structures, and of interdependence, rather than with the constant attributes of object (Katz and Kahn, 1966). Webster defines a system as a "regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole," which "is in, or tends to be in, equilibrium". Negandi says that "a system's attributes, which are the interdependence and interlinking of various subsystems within a given system, and the tendency toward attaining a balance, or equilibrium forces one to think in terms of multiple causation in contrast to the common habit of thinking in single-cause terms". TYPES OF SYSTEMS: The three major perspectives of organizations are a rational system, a natural system and a open system. The rational system and the natural system tend to view the organization as a closed system, that is, separate from the environment. In contrast to closed systems, in the open system, organization is open to and dependent on the environment, especially, connections with external and internal components. These three system perspectives will be briefly described in following section. Closed Systems: This approach is that systems are independent of environmental influences. Emery and Trist suggest that a closed system allows most of its problems to be analyzed with reference to its internal structure and without reference to its external environment. Closed systems focus on internal components such as variables of size, technology, location, ownership, managerial strategies, and leadership style. Thus, this approach can be applied at the technical level of the organization because it is necessary to reduce uncertainty. However, the nature of organization is not isolate rather than dependent on environment. Negandhi has stated that closed systems overemphasize principles of internal organizational functioning with consequent failure to develop and understand the processes of feedback which are essential to survival.(1972) A closed system includes a rational system and a natural system. Scott defines the rational system as "systems [which] are collectivities oriented to the pursuit of relatively specific goal which are specific to the extent that they are explicit, are clearly defined, and provide unambiguous criteria for selecting among alternative activities. The rational systems are "purposeful" because the activities and interactions of participants are coordinated to achieve specified goals. He also explained "rational systems are collectivities that exhibit a relatively high degree of formalization; the cooperation among participants is "conscious" and "deliberate"; the structure of relations is made explicit and can be deliberately constructed and reconstruct." Based on the Scott's description, rational system's perspective is that systems have a tendency of the pursuit of relatively specific goals and highly formalized social structures. A natural system includes many client-oriented service organizations - i.e. rape-counseling center, alternative schools, and food and producer cooperatives. Rothschild-Whitt's suggests that these systems deny the authority of office, seek to minimize the promulgation of rules, and procedures, attempt to eliminate status gradations among participants, and do away with role differentiation and specialization of function. In natural systems, individual members and their personal qualities are great importance. Hence, Scott defined a natural system as "an organization whose participants share a common interest in the survival of the system and who engage in collective activities, informally structures, to secure this end. Therefore, organizations share with all collectivities and focus attention on the behavioral structure.” Open Systems: Scott proposes "all systems are characterized by an assemblage or combination of parts whose relations make them interdependent but they also suggest the bases for the differences among them". The parts of system are more complex and variable when systems move from mechanical through organic to social systems. Norbert Wiener describes this connection of variables in system as "an organization we must consider as something in which there is an interdependence between the several organized parts but in which this interdependence has degrees."Boulding elaborated the types or levels of system based on the complexity of their parts and the nature of the relations among the parts in system. Boulding classify various systems by level of complexity as follows: 1. Frameworks: systems comprising static structures, such as the arrangements of atoms in a crystal or the anatomy of an animal 2. Clockworks: simple dynamic systems with predetermined motions, such as the clock and the solar system. 3. Cybernetic systems: systems capable of self-regulation in terms of some externally prescribed target or criterion, such as a thermostat.4. Open systems: systems capable of self-maintenance based on a throughput of resources from its environment, such as a living cell. 5. Blueprinted-growth systems: systems that reproduce not by duplication but by the production of seeds or eggs containing preprogrammed instructions for development, such as the acorn-oak system or the egg-chicken system. 6. Internal-image systems: systems capable of a detailed awareness of the environment in which information is received and organized into an image or knowledge structure of the environment as a whole, a level at which animals function. 7. Symbol-processing systems: systems that possess self-consciousness and so are capable of using language. Humans function at this level. 8. Social systems: multi-cephalous systems comprising actors functioning at level 7 who share a common social order and culture. Social organizations operate at this level.9. Transcendental systems: systems composed of the "absolutes and the inescapable unknowables." (Boulding, 1956: 200-207) The type of system can be determined on the basis of how the boundaries of the system are defined. Hall and Fagen note "Whether a given system is open or closed depends on how much of the universe is included in the system and how much in the environment." Open systems can be defined as a system of interdependent activities that is systems are neither a formal structure nor as an organic entity. Scott describes "the parts of systems join and leave or engage in ongoing exchanges with the organization depending on the bargains they can strike. Some of these activities are tightly connected; others are loosely coupled." That is, all of parts must be continuously motivated to produce and reproduce in a system. Scott also emphasis "systems are interdependent activities linking shifting coalitions of participants; the systems are embedded in - dependent on continuing exchanges with and constituted by -the environments in which they operate." The salient characteristics of an open system is a self-maintenance based on a process of resources from the environment and interaction with the environment. Katz and Kahn summarize the essential characteristics of an open systems as follows: " The open-system approach begins by identifying and mapping the repeated cycles of inputs, transformation, output and renewed inputs which comprise the organizational patterns. Organizations as a special class of open systems have properties of their own, but they share other properties in common with all open systems. These include the importation of energy from the environment, the through-put or transformation of the imported energy into some product form... the exporting of that product into the environment, and the re-energizing of the system from sources in the environment." "Open systems also share the characteristics of negative entropy, feedback, homeostasis, differentiation, and equifinality. The law of negative entropy states that systems survive and maintain their characteristic internal order only so long as they import from the environment more energy than they expend in the process of transformation and exportation." A system is a functional whole composed of set of subsystems and components, when coupled together, generate a level of organization that is fundamentally different from the level of each individual subsystem. General systems theorists believe that, in spite of the obvious differences among the many kinds of living and nonliving systems, they share very general characteristics and that it is important to discover what these are. The study of systems is by definition concerned with change.COMPONENTS OF A SYSTEM: are the factors or elements that are involved in the processes of a system. They can affect the system and may be affected by it. A component of a system may be a part of the process of more than one subsystem, e.g. structures in an organization, the skin in a living creature, etc. (Levine and Fitzgerald, 1992). SUBSYSTEMS OR PARTS OF A SYSTEM: are systems at the level below the one of which they are parts. Each of a living system's subsystem, like the system as a whole, keeps a number of variables in steady state (Levine and Fitzgerald, 1992). A system's function and structure may be studied, analyzed and described through basic subsystems. Tanner and Williams (1981) presented the subsystems developed by Katz and Kahn (1966) and integrated them with genotype functions outlined by Hoy and Miskel (1978). 1. Production and Technical Subsystem. This subsystem is concerned with converting inputs into outputs and may also be classified as a productive or economic part, which creates wealth, manufactures goods, and provides services, that is an organization that provides services. 2. Supportive Subsystem. Two major functions of concern here: (a) procuring input and disposing output; and (b) promoting and maintaining good relationships with the between the organization and its environment (for example, public relations, getting a school bond approved, and educating the public to a new curriculum project). 3. Maintenance Subsystem. Activities of this subsystem deal with personnel in the organization in all facets (e.g. role, arrangements, recruiting, selecting, motivating, disciplining, and socializing). The focus is on maintaining stability of the organization.4. Adaptive subsystem. The functions of this subsystem are designed to insure that the organization can meet the changing needs of the environment (e.g. research, planning, development and so on). Adaptive organizations may include educational organizations that are responsible for the development and testing of theories, the creation of knowledge and for applying information in a limited extent to problems.5.Managerial subsystem. The function of this subsystem is to coordinate the functions of the other subsystems, settle conflicts among them and hierarchical levels, and relate the total organization to its environment. This subsystem, cuts across all subsystems of the organization in its goal to encourage all the subsystems to obtain a concerted effort to achieve the highest level of functioning of the total system. IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING SYSTEMS THEORY AND PROS/CONS:Before engaging in discussions and proposing systemic changes in current educational systems, is important to understand the concept of a system and the systems theory that has evolved to explain what systems are and how they function. In the past, educational reformists tried adapting some of the systems theory concepts to education with minimal success. The programs implemented (ex. management by objectives, program planning and budgeting systems, and programmed instruction) often made procedural demands on the users without significant improvements in management or instruction. Educators got lost in the details and paperwork and missed the richness systems theory had to offer. Systems theory suggests that schools be managed more like organizations, where teachers are accountable for their students’ results, curriculum stresses critical thinking skills, and learning is learner-directed learning instead of just lecture format. It is important when considering the application of systems theory to innovative or renovative educational programs to realize the importance of each part to make the whole and the necessity of eliminating the parts not making positive contributions. The goal of applying systems theory is to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the total system (school) via the development of manageable subsystems (teams or groups within the school system) with common focuses or purposes. Pros of incorporating systems theory: Applying systems theory gives the students (and educators, who are learners as well) cohesion to disparate facts giving better problem solving skills. It also increases the understanding of relationships between systems. For example, giving a group of students the task of developing an amusement park requires them to look at economic, social, environmental, educational, and construction factors. It requires them to use traditional material (math, reading, spelling, grammar, biology, physics, etc. skills) as well as giving students additional understanding about how these pieces mesh together to make a whole. It demonstrates to them first hand how the most basic concepts contribute to the larger figure. It encourages students to change from being passive absorbers of information to active learners seeking knowledge. At its best, it creates a continually improving educational system.Cons of incorporating systems theory: Educational reformers must carefully analyze and thoroughly understand the information needs of the system and its primary subsystems as well as the interactions of the system with its environment. Interrelationships among parts of a system have to be recognized and understood or the reform will fail. It requires a shared vision so all the people involved have an idea of that they are trying to accomplish. It has to be a cohesive effort from all participants. It requires leaders to assume new roles and master new skills, which may require training and willingness. It requires regular, wide-spread evaluation and feedback to remain an open and viable system. REFERENCES:1. Levine and Fitzgerald. 1992. Analysis of Dynamic Psychological Systems, vols. 1&2. 2. Tanner and Williams. 1981. Educational Planning and Decision Making.3. Katz and Kahn. 1966. The social psychology of organizations.4. Hoy and Miskel. 1978. Educational Administration, Theory, Research, and Practice.

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Systems theory suggests that schools be managed more like organizations, where teachers are accountable for their students’ results, curriculum stresses critical thinking skills, and learning is learner-directed learning instead of just lecture format.

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"Open systems also share the characteristics of negative entropy, feedback, homeostasis, differentiation, and equifinality. The law of negative entropy states that systems survive and maintain their characteristic internal order only so long as they import from the environment more energy than they expend in the process of transformation and exportation." 把个句子抓出来

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不是马甲的马甲 超赞 赏 B Beijing2008Guest 0$(VIP ) 2007-03-02#12 Emery and Trist suggest that a closed system allows most of its problems to be analyzed with reference to its internal structure and without reference to its external environment.

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文章太长，只能浏览，知道他讲3种系统

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不是马甲的马甲 超赞 赏 vivienne98. 0$(VIP 0) 7062007-03-02#14 看到了吧，SUGGEST后面，各种时态都有

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不是马甲的马甲 超赞 赏 反馈:Aim B Beijing2008Guest 0$(VIP ) 2007-03-02#15 Systems theoryFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchSystems theory is a transdisciplinary/multiperspectual scientific domain that studies structure and properties of systems in terms of relationships from which new properties of wholes emerge. The domains of system philosophy, methodology and application are complementaries to this science.[1] This gestalt graphic, illustrating a central aspect of systems theory, may be alternatively perceived as a whole or as a group of parts. The "systemness" becomes evident when the gestalt is seen as a singular whole.It was established as a science by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Kenneth E. Boulding, William Ross Ashby, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson and others in the 1950s, particularly during discussions at the Macy conferences. Systems theory, in its transdisciplinary role, brings together theoretical principles and concepts from ontology, philosophy of science, physics, biology and engineering. Applications are found in numerous fields including geography, sociology, political science, organizational theory, management, psychotherapy (within family systems therapy) and economics among others.Systems theory was the nomenclature early investigators used to describe organization and interdependence of relationships. The system concept contrasts with the Classical perspective of reductionism (which has as its subject a single part) in that the emphasis shifts from parts to the organization of parts; from the "component" to the "dynamic". [1] A system is composed of regularly interacting or interrelating groups of activities/parts which, when taken together, form a new whole. In most cases this whole has properties which cannot be found in the constituent elements.

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vivienne98. 说:文章太长，只能浏览，知道他讲3种系统点击展开...The three major perspectives of organizations are a rational system, a natural system and a open system.

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vivienne98. 说:看到了吧，SUGGEST后面，各种时态都有点击展开... 看CONTEXT

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看了，不过基本是一目十行，行行看不懂55555555

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